Activation of Melanocortin-4 Receptor Inhibits Both Neuroinflammation Induced by Early Exposure to Ethanol and Subsequent Voluntary Alcohol Intake in Adulthood in Animal Models: Is BDNF the Key Mediator?

alcohol use disorder

alcoholism

brain-derived neurotr...

MC4R

melanocyte-stimulatin...

α-MSH

adenylate cyclase

alpha intermedin

brain derived neurotr...

brain derived neurotr...

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP dependent ...

cyclic AMP responsive...

cytochrome P450 2E1

immunoglobulin enhanc...

interleukin 10

interleukin 1beta

interleukin 6

melanocortin 4 recept...

peroxisome proliferat...

reduced nicotinamide ...

transforming growth f...

tumor necrosis factor...

adolescence

adulthood

alcohol consumption

alcohol withdrawal sy...

alcoholism

animal model

antiinflammatory acti...

astrocyte

cognition

drinking behavior

hippocampus

hypothalamus

innate immunity

long term exposure

long term potentiatio...

memory consolidation

microglia

nerve cell

nervous system develo...

nervous system inflam...

neuroapoptosis

neurobiology

nonhuman

prefrontal cortex

Review

signal transduction

underage drinking