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Connexins in astrocyte migration

dc.contributor.authorLagos-Cabré R.
dc.contributor.authorBurgos-Bravo F.
dc.contributor.authorAvalos A.M.
dc.contributor.authorLeyton L.
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-02T22:21:12Z
dc.date.available2020-09-02T22:21:12Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier10.3389/fphar.2019.01546
dc.identifier.citation10, , -
dc.identifier.issn16639812
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12728/5031
dc.descriptionAstrocytes have long been considered the supportive cells of the central nervous system, but during the last decades, they have gained much more attention because of their active participation in the modulation of neuronal function. For example, after brain damage, astrocytes become reactive and undergo characteristic morphological and molecular changes, such as hypertrophy and increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in a process known as astrogliosis. After severe damage, astrocytes migrate to the lesion site and proliferate, which leads to the formation of a glial scar. At this scar-forming stage, astrocytes secrete many factors, such as extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, growth factors and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, stop migrating, and the process is irreversible. Although reactive gliosis is a normal physiological response that can protect brain cells from further damage, it also has detrimental effects on neuronal survival, by creating a hostile and non-permissive environment for axonal repair. The transformation of astrocytes from reactive to scar-forming astrocytes highlights migration as a relevant regulator of glial scar formation, and further emphasizes the importance of efficient communication between astrocytes in order to orchestrate cell migration. The coordination between astrocytes occurs mainly through Connexin (Cx) channels, in the form of direct cell-cell contact (gap junctions, GJs) or contact between the extracellular matrix and the astrocytes (hemichannels, HCs). Reactive astrocytes increase the expression levels of several proteins involved in astrocyte migration, such as avb3 Integrin, Syndecan-4 proteoglycan, the purinergic receptor P2X7, Pannexin1, and Cx43 HCs. Evidence has indicated that Cx43 HCs play a role in regulating astrocyte migration through the release of small molecules to the extracellular space, which then activate receptors in the same or adjacent cells to continue the signaling cascades required for astrocyte migration. In this review, we describe the communication of astrocytes through Cxs, the role of Cxs in inflammation and astrocyte migration, and discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate Cx43 HCs, which may provide a therapeutic window of opportunity to control astrogliosis and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © 2020 Lagos-Cabré, Burgos-Bravo, Avalos and Leyton. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A.
dc.subjectConnexin 43
dc.subjectGap junctions
dc.subjectHemichannels
dc.subjectInflammation
dc.subjectReactive astrocytes
dc.subjectScar-forming astrocytes
dc.subjectconnexin 43
dc.subjectgap junction protein
dc.subjectamyotrophic lateral sclerosis
dc.subjectastrocyte
dc.subjectastrocytosis
dc.subjectcalcium transport
dc.subjectcell communication
dc.subjectcell component
dc.subjectcell migration
dc.subjectgap junction
dc.subjectglioma
dc.subjecthemichannel
dc.subjecthuman
dc.subjectinflammation
dc.subjectmultiple sclerosis
dc.subjectnonhuman
dc.subjectprotein expression
dc.subjectReview
dc.titleConnexins in astrocyte migration
dc.typeReview


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