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A qualitative classification of extraterrestrial civilizations

dc.contributor.authorIvanov V.D.
dc.contributor.authorBeamín J.C.
dc.contributor.authorCáceres C.
dc.contributor.authorMinniti D.
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-02T22:20:40Z
dc.date.available2020-09-02T22:20:40Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier10.1051/0004-6361/202037597
dc.identifier.citation639, , -
dc.identifier.issn00046361
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12728/4961
dc.descriptionContext. Interest in searches for extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) has been boosted in recent decades by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets. Aims. We turn to the classification of ETCs for new considerations that may help to design better strategies for searching for ETCs. Methods. This study is based on analogies with our own biological, historical, technological, and scientific development. We took a basic taxonomic approach to ETCs and investigated the implications of the new classification on ETC evolution and observational patterns. Finally, we used the quantitative scheme of Kardashev and considered its implications on the searches for ETCs as a counter example to our qualitative classification. Results. We propose a classification based on the abilities of ETCs to modify and integrate with their environments: Class 0 uses the environment as it is, Class 1 modifies the environment to fit its needs, Class 2 modifies itself to fit the environment, and a Class 3 ETC is fully integrated with the environment. Combined with the classical Kardashev scale, our scheme forms a two-dimensional method for interpreting ETC properties. Conclusions. The new framework makes it obvious that the available energy is not a unique measure of ETC progress: it may not even correlate with how well that energy is used. The possibility for progress without increased energy consumption implies a lower detectability, so in principle the existence of a Kardashev Type III ETC in the Milky Way cannot be ruled out. This reasoning weakens the Fermi paradox, allowing for the existence of advanced, yet not energy hungry, low-detectability ETCs. The integration of ETCs with the environment will make it impossible to tell technosignatures and natural phenomena apart. Therefore, the most likely opportunity for SETI searches to find advanced ETCs is to look for beacons, specifically set up by them for young civilizations like ours (if they would want to do that remains a matter of speculation). The other SETI window of opportunity is to search for ETCs at technological level similar to ours. To rephrase the famous saying of Arthur Clarke, sufficiently advanced civilizations are indistinguishable from nature. © ESO 2020.
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherEDP Sciences
dc.subjectAstrobiology
dc.subjectExtraterrestrial intelligence
dc.subjectHistory and philosophy of astronomy
dc.subjectEnergy utilization
dc.subjectAvailable energy
dc.subjectCounter examples
dc.subjectDetectability
dc.subjectFully integrated
dc.subjectNatural phenomena
dc.subjectQualitative classification
dc.subjectScientific development
dc.subjectTechnological level
dc.subjectBiology
dc.titleA qualitative classification of extraterrestrial civilizations
dc.typeArticle


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