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Protective yeasts control V. anguillarum pathogenicity and modulate the innate immune response of challenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

dc.contributor.authorCaruffo M.
dc.contributor.authorNavarrete N.C.
dc.contributor.authorSalgado O.A.
dc.contributor.authorFaúndez N.B.
dc.contributor.authorGajardo M.C.
dc.contributor.authorFeijóo C.G.
dc.contributor.authorReyes-Jara A.
dc.contributor.authorGarcía K.
dc.contributor.authorNavarrete P.
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-02T22:14:16Z
dc.date.available2020-09-02T22:14:16Z
dc.date.issued2016
dc.identifier10.3389/fcimb.2016.00127
dc.identifier.citation6, OCT, -
dc.identifier.issn22352988
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12728/3936
dc.descriptionWe investigated mechanisms involved in the protection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by two probiotic candidate yeasts, Debaryomyces hansenii 97 (Dh97) and Yarrowia lypolitica 242 (Yl242), against a Vibrio anguillarum challenge. We determined the effect of different yeast concentrations (104-107 CFU/mL) to: (i) protect larvae from the challenge, (ii) reduce the in vivo pathogen concentration and (iii) modulate the innate immune response of the host. To evaluate the role of zebrafish microbiota in protection, the experiments were performed in conventionally raised and germ-free larvae. In vitro co-aggregation assays were performed to determine a direct yeast-pathogen interaction. Results showed that both yeasts significantly increased the survival rate of conventionally raised larvae challenged with V. anguillarum. The concentration of yeasts in larvae tended to increase with yeast inoculum, which was more pronounced for Dh97. Better protection was observed with Dh97 at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL compared to 104 CFU/mL. In germ-free conditions V. anguillarum reached higher concentrations in larvae and provoked significantly more mortality than in conventional conditions, revealing the protective role of the host microbiota. Interestingly, yeasts were equally (Dh97) or more effective (Yl242) in protecting germ-free than conventionally-raised larvae, showing that protection can be exerted only by yeasts and is not necessarily related to modulation of the host microbiota. Although none of the yeasts co-aggregated with V. anguillarum, they were able to reduce its proliferation in conventionally raised larvae, reduce initial pathogen concentration in germ-free larvae and prevent the upregulation of key components of the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response (il1b, tnfa, c3, mpx, and il10, respectively). These results show that protection by yeasts of zebrafish larvae challenged with V. anguillarum relates to an in vivo anti-pathogen effect, the modulation of the innate immune system, and suggests that yeasts avoid the host-pathogen interaction through mechanisms independent of co-aggregation. This study shows, for the first time, the protective role of zebrafish microbiota against V. anguillarum infection, and reveals mechanisms involved in protection by two non-Saccharomyces yeasts against this pathogen. © 2016 Caruffo, Navarrete, Salgado, Faúndez, Gajardo, Feijóo, Reyes-Jara, García and Navarrete.
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A.
dc.subjectInnate immune system
dc.subjectProtective mechanisms
dc.subjectV. anguillarum
dc.subjectYeast probiotic
dc.subjectZebrafish
dc.subjectamphotericin B
dc.subjectampicillin
dc.subjectceftazidime
dc.subjectchloramphenicol
dc.subjectkanamycin
dc.subjectimmunologic factor
dc.subjectprobiotic agent
dc.subjectanalysis of variance
dc.subjectArticle
dc.subjectcell proliferation
dc.subjectcolony forming unit
dc.subjectcontrolled study
dc.subjectfertilization
dc.subjectfungal colonization
dc.subjectfungal virulence
dc.subjectgene expression assay
dc.subjectimmune response
dc.subjectnonhuman
dc.subjectreceptor upregulation
dc.subjectsequence analysis
dc.subjectultraviolet radiation
dc.subjectVibrio anguillarum
dc.subjectzebra fish
dc.subjectanimal
dc.subjectbudding yeast
dc.subjectdisease model
dc.subjectimmunology
dc.subjectinnate immunity
dc.subjectpathology
dc.subjectsurvival analysis
dc.subjectVibrio Infections
dc.subjectzebra fish
dc.subjectAnimals
dc.subjectDisease Models, Animal
dc.subjectImmunity, Innate
dc.subjectImmunologic Factors
dc.subjectProbiotics
dc.subjectSaccharomycetales
dc.subjectSurvival Analysis
dc.subjectVibrio Infections
dc.subjectZebrafish
dc.titleProtective yeasts control V. anguillarum pathogenicity and modulate the innate immune response of challenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae
dc.typeArticle


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